Tidaːnə wadulpul ńi=qairoːlnull'əlŋi.

tide -Raː -(ND)ə(ŋ) wadul -p(ul) ńi= qair -oːl -nun -l'əl -ŋi

rem -adv.loc -contr Yukaghir -pl rec= bend -stat -hab -ev -intr:3pl

rem -adv.loc -contr Yukaghir -pl rec= bend -stat -hab -ev -intr:3pl

Long ago, the Yukaghirs respected one another (literally: were bent to each other).

Tagi tite bani, ńiŋ=akaːjil'pul, ńiŋ=ekïəjil'pul tittə kedelńəŋ pajoːd'ə ködeńəŋ ńeːd'il dite ńeːd'inull'əlŋi, mandəŋ "tit, tittəl".

ta -Gi tite pan -j ńi -ŋ= akaː -jil' -p(ul) ńi -ŋ= ekïə -jil' -p(ul) tittə kedel -ńəŋ poi -oːl -j(ə) köde -ńəŋ ńeːd'i -l tite ńeːd'i -nun -l'əl -ŋi mon -Rəŋ tit tittə -l

dist -nom like be -intr:3 rec -0= elder.brother -dy -pl rec -0= elder.sister -dy -pl 3pl.gen self -s.com many -stat -s.ptcp person -s.com tell -nmlz like tell -hab -ev -intr:3pl say -ss.sim 2pl 3pl -nom

dist -nom любить быть -intr:3 rec -0= elder.брат -dy -pl rec -0= elder.сестра -dy -pl 3pl.gen сам -s.com много -stat -s.ptcp человек -s.com говорить -nmlz любить говорить -hab -ev -intr:3pl сказать -ss.sim 2pl 3pl -nom

This is how it was: brothers and sisters talked among themselves as if talking to many people, using “you” (PL) and “they”.

Tagi l'eː ńi=čomoriːl dite bani, taːtl'ər tittəl qańinəŋ [ńi ńi=kede] ńi=kedelγən əl=ńiŋ=il'iteːnull'əlŋu, əl=ńi=lainunull'əlŋu.

ta -Gi l'eː ńi= čomo -Riː -l tite pan -j taːtl'ər tittə -l qańin -(ND)ə(ŋ) ńi= kedel -γən əl= ńi -ŋ= il'i -tə -nun -l'əl -ŋu əl= ńi= lainu -nun -l'əl -ŋu

dist -nom dp rec= big -tr -nmlz like be -intr:3 therefore 3pl -nom when -contr rec= self -prol neg= rec -0= scold -tr -hab -ev -pl(neg.3) neg= rec= fight -hab -ev -pl(neg.3)

dist -nom dp rec= большой -tr -nmlz любить быть -intr:3 therefore 3pl -nom когда -contr rec= сам -prol neg= rec -0= scold -tr -hab -ev -pl(neg.3) neg= rec= fight -hab -ev -pl(neg.3)

It is a way of (showing) mutual respect, that's why they never quarreled or fought among themselves.

Mət=čuŋdəγədə čöːl'ə wadulpul l'eː čuŋdəpəgi anaːn werwəi.

mət= čuŋdə -γədə čöːl'ə wadul -p(ul) l'eː čuŋdə -pə -gi anaːn.Y werwə -j

1sg.gen= thought -loc.contr ancient Yukaghir -pl dp thought -pl -3poss very.Y strong -intr:3

1sg.gen= thought -loc.contr стыринный Yukaghir -pl dp thought -pl -3poss очень.Y сильный -intr:3

In my opinion, the ancient Yukaghirs were people with a strong character (literally: the minds of the Yukaghirs were very strong).

Tadaːt wadulpul qadaː tigiraː endə maːrqən nime ŋoldəŋ saγanaːl'əlŋi.

tadaːt wadul -p(ul) qadaː teː -Raː endə maːrqə -ND nime (ŋ)ol -Rəŋ saγanə -l'əl -ŋi

then Yukaghir -pl where dist.acs -adv.loc each one -gen house cop -ss.sim sit -ev -intr:3pl

тогда Yukaghir -pl где dist.acs -adv.loc каждый один -gen дом cop -ss.sim сидеть -ev -intr:3pl

At that time, the Yukaghirs lived here and there in individual families.

Taːtl'ər l'eː taːt ńi=qairoːl ńi=čomoriːl l'ədəγə ńaːrčə~rukun əl=pulgəinull'əlut.

taːtl'ər l'eː taːt ńi= qair -oːl ńi= čomo -Riː -l l'ə -dəγə ńaːrčə ~rukun əl= pul -Gəj -nun -l'əl -u -t(ə)

therefore dp so rec= bend -stat(nmlz) rec= big -tr -nmlz be -3ds.ant bad(s.ptcp) ~nmlz neg= come.out -intr.punc -hab -ev -0 -fut(neg.3)

therefore dp так rec= bend -stat(nmlz) rec= большой -tr -nmlz быть -3ds.ant плохой(s.ptcp) ~nmlz neg= прийти.из -intr.punc -hab -ev -0 -fut(neg.3)

So apparently, bad things didn't arise, because of that politeness and mutual respect.

Tadaːt waːj ńaːjil ŋolaːjə čiː, keipə, paipə, tittə könmə čiːńəŋ, amaːgi, eńeːgi, weːn čiːγənə ńeːd'inul dite [ńeːd'inu] ńeːd'inull'əlŋi.

tadaːt waːj ńaːjil (ŋ)ol -Aː -j(ə) čiː keipə paipə tittə könmə čiː -ńəŋ amaː -gi eńeː -gi weː -ND čiː -γənə ńeːd'i -nu -l tite ńeːd'i -nun -l'əl -ŋi

тогда тоже в-law cop -inch -s.ptcp народ мужчина женщина 3pl.gen partner народ -s.com отец -3poss мать -3poss другой -gen народ -str.acc говорить -ipfv -nmlz любить говорить -hab -ev -intr:3pl

Also, people who would become sons- or daughters-in-law used to talk to their spouse's family, father and mother, as if they were talking to other (absent) people.

Könməgin amaː eńeː waːj taːt tittə ńaːjilńəŋ [ńeːd'i ńeːd'inu] ńeːd'iŋutəi mandəŋ "teː čiː".

könmə -gi -ND amaː eńeː waːj taːt tittə ńaːjil -ńəŋ ńeːd'i -ŋu -t(ə) -j mon -Rəŋ teː čiː

partner -3poss -gen father mother also so 3pl.gen in-law -s.com tell -pl -fut -intr:3 say -ss.sim dist.acs(att) people

partner -3poss -gen отец мать тоже так 3pl.gen в-law -s.com говорить -pl -fut -intr:3 сказать -ss.sim dist.acs(att) народ

The spouse's father and mother would also talk to their sons- and daughters-in-law like that, saying "those people".

Čiː čuŋdələdə ńi=qairoːl ńi=čomoriːl l'ədəγə mit=wadud aruː teńi~gitńer əl=saγaːl'əlut.

čiː čuŋdə -lədə ńi= qair -oːl ńi= čomo -Riː -l l'ə -dəγə mit= wadul -ND aruː teńi ~kitńər əl= saγa -Aː -l'əl -u -t(ə)

people thought -ins.contr rec= bend -stat(nmlz) rec= big -tr -nmlz be -3ds.ant 1pl= Yukaghir -gen word here ~until neg= lost -intr.punc -ev -0 -fut(neg.3)

народ thought -ins.contr rec= bend -stat(nmlz) rec= большой -tr -nmlz быть -3ds.ant 1pl= Yukaghir -gen слово здесь ~until neg= потерянный -intr.punc -ev -0 -fut(neg.3)

It is assumed that our Yukaghir language has not disappeared by now due to this politeness and mutual respect.

Ńi-čeːmə duduruːn əl=kurčiːr wodulpul əl=saγaːl'əlŋut mandəŋ čuŋdeːnund'əli.

ńi= čeːmə tuduruː -n əl= kur -čiː -r wadul -p(ul) əl= saγa -Aː -l'əl -ŋu -t(ə) mon -Rəŋ čuŋdə -nun -j(ə)li

rec= blood inside -adv.prol neg= act -intr.punc -ss.circ Yukaghir -pl neg= lost -intr.punc -ev -pl -fut(neg.3) say -ss.sim think -hab -intr:1pl

rec= blood inside -adv.prol neg= act -intr.punc -ss.circ Yukaghir -pl neg= потерянный -intr.punc -ev -pl -fut(neg.3) сказать -ss.sim think -hab -intr:1pl

We think that the Yukaghirs haven't disappeared because there was no mixture of blood (i.e. incest).

Ńiŋ=akaːjil'pul l'eː maːrqən l'əγə nimeγə saγanərəŋ l'ukoːtəŋ taːt tittəγənə taːt ńeːd'illək uraričnunl'əlŋaː ten mandəŋ "tet akaː ŋod'ək, tet emd'ə ŋod'ək".

ńi -ŋ= akaː -jil' -p(ul) l'eː maːrqə -ND l'ə -γə nime -γə saγanə -Rəŋ juku -oːl -t -(ND)ə(ŋ) taːt tittə -γənə taːt ńeːd'i -R(ə)lək ura -Rič -nun -l'əl -ŋa(m) tu -n mon -Rəŋ tet akaː (ŋ)ol -jək tet emd'ə (ŋ)ol -jək

rec -0= elder.brother -dy -pl dp one -gen hes -loc house -loc sit -ss.sim small -stat -adv.abl -contr so 3pl -str.acc so tell -ss.ant learn -tr.plac -hab -ev -tr:3pl prox.acs -adv say -ss.sim 2sg elder.brother cop -intr:2sg 2sg younger.sibling cop -intr:2sg

rec -0= elder.брат -dy -pl dp один -gen hes -loc дом -loc сидеть -ss.sim маленький -stat -adv.abl -contr так 3pl -str.acc так говорить -ss.ant learn -tr.plac -hab -ev -tr:3pl prox.acs -adv сказать -ss.sim 2sg elder.брат cop -intr:2sg 2sg younger.sibling cop -intr:2sg

Brothers that lived in the same house from earliest childhood were taught to talk like that, they were told: "You are the elder brother and you are the younger brother."

"Tet akaːń=də emd'əŋiń "tit" mandəŋ [ńeː] ńeːd'inunk", mandəŋ uraričnull'əlŋaː.

tet akaː -ń =də emd'ə -ŋiń tit mon -Rəŋ ńeːd'i -nun -k mon -Rəŋ ura -Rič -nun -l'əl -ŋa(m)

2sg elder.brother -str.dat =dp younger.sibling -dat 2pl say -ss.sim tell -hab -imp say -ss.sim learn -tr.plac -hab -ev -tr:3pl

2sg elder.брат -str.dat =dp younger.sibling -dat 2pl сказать -ss.sim говорить -hab -imp сказать -ss.sim learn -tr.plac -hab -ev -tr:3pl

They were taught that they should address the elder or the younger brother with "you (PL)".

Taːtl'ər qad'ir tuŋ l'ukoːləl~dagi l'eː tude akaːγənə taŋ "tit tite, tit tite l'əŋik, taːt l'əŋik" qoːləm mantəi.

taːtl'ər qad'ir tu -ŋ juku -oːl -ə -l ~da -Gi l'eː tude akaː -γənə ta -ŋ tit tite tit tite l'ə -ŋi -k taːt l'ə -ŋi -k qoːləm mon -t(ə) -j

therefore dp prox.acs -att small -stat -0 -nmlz ~nmlz.e -nom dp 3sg.gen elder.brother -str.acc dist -att 2pl like 2pl like be -pl -imp so be -pl -imp dp say -fut -intr:3

therefore dp prox.acs -att маленький -stat -0 -nmlz ~nmlz.e -nom dp 3sg.gen elder.брат -str.acc dist -att 2pl любить 2pl любить быть -pl -imp так быть -pl -imp dp сказать -fut -intr:3

So the younger one will only say to the elder brother "You (PL) do it like this, you (PL) do it like that".

Tan akaːgi l'eː tude emd'əŋiń "Taːt l'əŋik, tite l'əŋik" manur taːt uːdək mər=uraːj.

ta -n akaː -gi l'eː tude emd'ə -ŋiń taːt l'ə -ŋi -k tite l'ə -ŋi -k monur taːt uːdək mə -r= ura -Aː -j

dist -adv elder.brother -3poss dp 3sg.gen younger.sibling -dat so be -pl -imp like be -pl -imp comp so always aff -0= -learn -intr.punc -intr:3

dist -adv elder.брат -3poss dp 3sg.gen younger.sibling -dat так быть -pl -imp любить быть -pl -imp comp так всегда aff -0= -learn -intr.punc -intr:3

The elder brother has learnt to always say "You (PL) do it like this, do it like that" to his younger brother.

Taːtl'ər tudel mə=čomoriːnull'əlum tude akaːγənə.

taːtl'ər tude -l mə= čomo -Riː -nun -l'əl -u -m tude akaː -γənə

therefore 3sg -nom aff= big -tr -hab -ev -0 -tr:3 3sg.gen elder.brother -str.acc

therefore 3sg -nom aff= большой -tr -hab -ev -0 -tr:3 3sg.gen elder.брат -str.acc

So he respects his elder brother.

Uːdək lugumul~gitńər mə=mörim.

uːdək luge -mu -l ~kitńər mə= mör -(j)iː -m

always old -stat.inch -nmlz ~until aff= hear -tr -tr:3

всегда старый -stat.inch -nmlz ~until aff= слышать -tr -tr:3

He always listens to him, till his old age.

Taŋ [e le] ńiŋ=ekïəjil'pul waːj taːt pani.

ta -ŋ ńi -ŋ= ekïə -jil' -p(ul) waːj taːt pan -j

dist -att rec -0= elder.sister -dy -pl also so be -intr:3

dist -att rec -0= elder.сестра -dy -pl тоже так быть -intr:3

The same holds true for sisters.

Taːt qad'ir taŋ taːt "tit" "tittəl" mannurəŋ köde qoːləm mə=ńiŋ=il'iteːŋutəi, lainuŋutəi.

taːt qad'ir ta -ŋ taːt tit tittə -l mon -nu -Rəŋ köde qoːləm mə= ńi -ŋ= il'i -tə -ŋu -t(ə) -j lainu -ŋu -t(ə) -j

so dp dist -att so 2pl 3pl -nom say -ipfv -ss.sim person dp aff= rec -0= scold -tr -pl -fut -intr:3 fight -pl -fut -intr:3

так dp dist -att так 2pl 3pl -nom сказать -ipfv -ss.sim человек dp aff= rec -0= scold -tr -pl -fut -intr:3 fight -pl -fut -intr:3

So, when they address each other with "you(PL)" and "they", they will hardly ever quarrel or fight.

Taːt qad'ir əə taŋńəgi amoːl'əlul.

taːt qad'ir əə ta -ŋńə -gi ama(i) -oːl -l'əl -u -l

so dp hes dist -n -3poss(pred) good -stat -ev -0 -sf

так dp hes dist -n -3poss(pred) хороший -stat -ev -0 -sf

It turns out that this was good.

Tan tan l'əγə tuŋ tittə ńaːjilŋiń waːj taŋ paipə du keipə du eńeːgi amaː waːj [tit] "teːŋ čiː" mandəŋ manull'əlŋi jataq əl=mančoːn, "tet" tu kinek tu əl=mančoːn, "teː čiː".

ta -n ta -n l'ə -γə tu -ŋ tittə ńaːjil -ŋiń waːj ta -ŋ paipə du.Y keipə du.Y eńeː -gi amaː waːj teː -ŋ čiː mon -Rəŋ mon -nun -l'əl -ŋi jataq əl= mon -čoːn tet du.Y kin -ə -k du.Y əl= mon -čoːn teː čiː

dist -adv dist -adv hes -loc prox.acs -att 3pl.gen в-law -dat тоже dist -att женщина or.Y мужчина or.Y мать -3poss отец тоже dist.acs -att народ сказать -ss.sim сказать -hab -ev -intr:3pl straight neg= сказать -ss.priv 2sg or.Y кто -0 -str.pred or.Y neg= сказать -ss.priv dist.acs(att) народ

Mother- and father-in-law would also address their daughter- or son-in-law as "those people" and didn't address them directly, didn't say "you" or something like that, just "those people".

"Teː čiː qad'ir mm l'əgudəŋ eːruːčər keweiŋutəi."

teː čiː qad'ir mm l'ə -G(u)də(ŋ) eːruː -(iː)čə -r kewe -j -ŋu -t(ə) -j

dist.acs(att) people dp intj hes -adv.dir hunt -purp -ss.circ depart -pfv -pl -fut -intr:3

dist.acs(att) народ dp intj hes -adv.dir охотиться -purp -ss.circ отправиться -pfv -pl -fut -intr:3

"Those people will go hunting somewhere."

"Teː čiː mə=leudəŋutəi".

teː čiː mə= leg -R(ə) -ŋu -t(ə) -j

dist.acs(att) people aff= eat -intr -pl -fut -intr:3

dist.acs(att) народ aff= есть -intr -pl -fut -intr:3

"Those people are going to eat."

Qad'ir taːtl'ər tan kinek taŋ ńaːjilpəgi waːj, tan paipə du keipə du, waːj [tittə] tittəńəŋ taːt manull'əlŋi waːj tite mandəŋ "teː čiː".

qad'ir taːtl'ər ta -n kin -ə -k ta -ŋ ńaːjil -pə -gi waːj ta -n paipə du.Y keipə du.Y waːj tittə -ńəŋ taːt mon -nun -l'əl -ŋi waːj tite mon -Rəŋ teː čiː

dp therefore dist -adv кто -0 -str.pred dist -att в-law -pl -3poss тоже dist -adv женщина or.Y мужчина or.Y тоже 3pl -s.com так сказать -hab -ev -intr:3pl тоже любить сказать -ss.sim dist.acs(att) народ

Their daughter- or son-in-law also talked to them like that, addressing them as "those people".

"Teː čiː qoll'əŋu?"

teː čiː qoll'ə -ŋu

dist.acs(att) people be.where -pl(inter.3)

dist.acs(att) народ быть.где -pl(inter.3)

"Where are those people?"

"Teː čiː mər=aːwəŋi."

teː čiː mə -r= aːwə -ŋi

dist.acs people aff -0= sleep -intr:3pl

dist.acs народ aff -0= спать -intr:3pl

"Those people are asleep."

Taŋ taːt pand'ə taŋ wodulpəγə [kul] kul'tuːrə əə l'əlgi qaduŋudəŋ weːdəŋ weːn omopulγə eul'ə.

ta -ŋ taːt pan -j(ə) ta -ŋ wadul -pə -γə kul'tura.R əə l'ə -l -gi qadu -G(u)də(ŋ) weːdə(ŋ) weː -ND omo -p(ul) -γə eul'ə

dist -att so be -s.ptcp dist -att Yukaghir -pl -loc culture.R hes be -nmlz -3poss which -adv.dir different other -gen tribe -pl -loc not.be(neg.3)

dist -att так быть -s.ptcp dist -att Yukaghir -pl -loc culture.R hes быть -nmlz -3poss который -adv.dir different другой -gen tribe -pl -loc не.быть(neg.3)

A culture like the one the Yukaghirs have does not exist anywhere among other people.

Taːtl'ər pukatin čuŋdəjoːldə tan mm tadaːt pulgəil'əltəi l'eː taŋ l'əŋ köde čomoriːl.

taːtl'ər bukatïn.Y čuŋdə -j -oːl -Rə ta -n mm ta -daː -t pul -Gəj -l'əl -t(ə) -j l'eː ta -ŋ l'ə -ŋ köde čomo -Riː -l

therefore in.general.Y think -0 -res -ss.cond.sim dist -adv intj dist -adv.loc -adv.abl come.out -intr.punc -ev -fut -intr:3 dp dist -att hes -att person big -tr -nmlz

therefore в.general.Y think -0 -res -ss.cond.sim dist -adv intj dist -adv.loc -adv.abl прийти.из -intr.punc -ev -fut -intr:3 dp dist -att hes -att человек большой -tr -nmlz

So, if one thinks about it all, the respect they have for one another has arisen like that.

Tan čomoriːl ... хватит.

ta -n čomo -Riː -l *

dist -adv big -tr -nmlz enough.r

dist -adv большой -tr -nmlz досиаточно.r

Respect ... That's it.